Haemoparasites—challenging and wasting infections in small ruminants: A review

Abstract

Vector-borne haemoparasites in small ruminants are widespread, although only scattered information is available on their occurrence. Haemoparasites occur in the genera Anaplasma, Babesia, Ehrlichia, Mycoplasma, Theileria and Trypanosoma, of which several species cause challenging and wasting conditions with severe impact on the small ruminant industry. However, the controls of these infections are challenging tasks, especially since several of the available medical drugs have negative environmental consequences. In addition, vectors may spread across the world to new geographical areas, especially related to climate change and increased globalization. These changes may have a profound impact on infection ecology and disease management. Integrated control strategies should be implemented, such as breed resistance against vectors and infections, and strategic vector and infection control.