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Naba Raj Pandit, Jan Mulder, Sarah Elisabeth Hale, Hans Peter Schmidt, Gerard Cornelissen
Biochar from "Kon Tiki" flame curtain and other kilns: Effects of nutrient enrichment and kiln type on crop yield and soil chemistry
www.plosone.org
www.plosone.org
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2.6985 0 Td
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1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(pyrolyzing)Tj
4.4617 0 Td
(biomass)Tj
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2.9877 0 Td
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(flame)Tj
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(curtain)Tj
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2.3187 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(layer-by-layer)Tj
5.743 0 Td
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3.5999 0 Td
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1.8766 0 Td
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3.804 0 Td
(temperatures)Tj
5.4879 0 Td
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2.6758 0 Td
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3.1408 0 Td
(400)Tj
1.6441 0 Td
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1.0261 0 Td
(500C)Tj
2.7043 0 Td
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2.7382 0 Td
(final)Tj
2.0013 0 Td
(quenching)Tj
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2.4321 0 Td
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(17)Tj
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4.218 0 Td
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-35.9374 -1.2983 Td
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3.7587 0 Td
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3.1861 0 Td
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2.0296 0 Td
(place)Tj
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(biochars)Tj
3.617 0 Td
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2.2053 0 Td
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1.474 0 Td
(deep-cone)Tj
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(metal)Tj
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(flame)Tj
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(curtain)Tj
3.0897 0 Td
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2.0069 0 Td
(steel)Tj
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(TLUD)Tj
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1.7348 0 Td
(brick)Tj
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4.1328 0 Td
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1.9956 0 Td
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3.4469 0 Td
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1.7291 0 Td
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3.067 0 Td
(soil)Tj
1.6044 0 Td
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1.304 0 Td
(flame)Tj
2.4321 0 Td
(curtain)Tj
3.0897 0 Td
(kilns)Tj
2.1373 0 Td
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1.9955 0 Td
(soil)Tj
1.6044 0 Td
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3.0444 0 Td
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0.9014 0 Td
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0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.0375 0 Td
(S1)Tj
1.1679 0 Td
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2.2507 0 Td
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3.1691 0 Td
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-35.841 -1.3039 Td
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1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(biochar)Tj
3.2599 0 Td
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4.1102 0 Td
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2.0352 0 Td
(water)Tj
2.4322 0 Td
(snuffing)Tj
3.5149 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(soil)Tj
1.5987 0 Td
(snuffing.)Tj
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Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 576.907 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
(Biochar)Tj
3.5669 0 Td
(nutrient)Tj
3.515 0 Td
(enrichment)Tj
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Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 559.9559 cm
BT
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1 TL
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1.6725 0 Td
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1.6838 0 Td
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(nutrient)Tj
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(enrichment.)Tj
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1.7631 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7064 0 Td
(cold)Tj
1.8879 0 Td
(nutrient)Tj
3.4299 0 Td
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4.7848 0 Td
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1.0035 0 Td
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1.5307 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7007 0 Td
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5.3745 0 Td
(biochar,)Tj
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(respectively,)Tj
4.9889 0 Td
(that)Tj
-33.9871 -1.2982 Td
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2.0862 0 Td
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3.6624 0 Td
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1.9615 0 Td
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3.2655 0 Td
(fertilizers)Tj
3.8495 0 Td
(\(NPK\))Tj
2.8232 0 Td
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2.6192 0 Td
(dissolved)Tj
3.8154 0 Td
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1.0148 0 Td
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2.6022 0 Td
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1.7688 0 Td
(nutrient)Tj
3.4299 0 Td
(enrichment)Tj
-32.8986 -1.2983 Td
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1.6724 0 Td
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2.9763 0 Td
(out)Tj
1.5251 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1622 0 Td
(pouring)Tj
3.3618 0 Td
(hot)Tj
1.5251 0 Td
(\(200)Tj
1.9502 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0091 0 Td
(400)Tj
1.6214 0 Td
(C\))Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(biochar)Tj
3.1975 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9354 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.44 0 Td
(rate)Tj
1.7121 0 Td
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0.9978 0 Td
(30)Tj
1.1508 0 Td
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0.6747 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7064 0 Td
(120)Tj
1.6214 0 Td
(g)Tj
0.6747 0 Td
(\(equivalent)Tj
4.5921 0 Td
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-36.7084 -1.3039 Td
(1%)Tj
1.4343 0 Td
(\(20)Tj
1.4853 0 Td
(t)Tj
0.5102 0 Td
(ha)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 243.7228 512.3905 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0173 Tc
0 0 Td
(-1)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 249.7322 507.9118 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.013 Tc
0 0 Td
(\))Tj
0.5499 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7007 0 Td
(4%)Tj
1.4344 0 Td
(\(80)Tj
1.4853 0 Td
(t)Tj
0.5102 0 Td
(ha)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 316.0062 512.3905 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0173 Tc
0 0 Td
(-1)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 324.17 507.9118 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.013 Tc
0 0 Td
(biochar)Tj
3.1974 0 Td
(respectively\))Tj
5.108 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(1)Tj
0.686 0 Td
(L)Tj
0.7483 0 Td
(dissolved)Tj
3.8154 0 Td
(nutrients)Tj
3.7871 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6463 0 Td
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3.0614 0 Td
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2.0239 0 Td
(biochar)Tj
3.1918 0 Td
(rates,)Tj
2.279 0 Td
(all)Tj
1.1225 0 Td
(biochar)Tj
3.1918 0 Td
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1.6724 0 Td
(submerged,)Tj
4.7848 0 Td
(however,)Tj
3.7644 0 Td
(biochar)Tj
3.1918 0 Td
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1.3606 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4457 0 Td
(1%)Tj
1.4343 0 Td
(amendments)Tj
5.3348 0 Td
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-34.7978 -1.2983 Td
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3.6623 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
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0.6463 0 Td
(thinner)Tj
3.1408 0 Td
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1.9956 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.44 0 Td
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0.9354 0 Td
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3.0784 0 Td
(hot)Tj
1.5307 0 Td
(nutrient)Tj
3.4299 0 Td
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5.0002 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.44 0 Td
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1.6724 0 Td
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2.8007 0 Td
(down)Tj
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(200400)Tj
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Q
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1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 502.9795 473.3858 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0173 Tc
0 0 Td
(0)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 506.4377 468.907 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.013 Tc
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(C)Tj
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0 Tc
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(<)Tj
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-0.013 Tc
0.9922 0 Td
(40)Tj
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Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 546.6897 473.3858 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0173 Tc
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(0)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 550.2047 468.907 cm
BT
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1 TL
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(C)Tj
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1.9616 0 Td
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(di-ammonium)Tj
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(\(DAP\))Tj
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1.7008 0 Td
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3.5773 0 Td
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1.8255 0 Td
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(\(P\))Tj
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1.7008 0 Td
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1.7008 0 Td
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1.8368 0 Td
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0.6747 0 Td
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1 j
1 J
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7.4999 0 0 6.6659 466.3559 434.3811 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0173 Tc
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(-1)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 472.3653 429.959 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.013 Tc
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(,)Tj
0.4365 0 Td
(2.34)Tj
1.8368 0 Td
(g)Tj
0.6747 0 Td
(pot)Tj
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Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 514.7716 434.3811 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0173 Tc
0 0 Td
(-1)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 522.9921 429.959 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.013 Tc
0 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7007 0 Td
(1.8)Tj
1.372 0 Td
(g)Tj
-35.3704 -1.3039 Td
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Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 212.9385 421.3984 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0173 Tc
0 0 Td
(-1)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 221.0456 416.9196 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.013 Tc
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(which)Tj
2.5965 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.822 0 Td
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4.252 0 Td
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(2.7g)Tj
1.8142 0 Td
(pot)Tj
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Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 338.7968 421.3984 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0173 Tc
0 0 Td
(-1)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 346.9039 416.9196 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.013 Tc
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(N,)Tj
1.1565 0 Td
(1.08)Tj
1.8255 0 Td
(g)Tj
0.669 0 Td
(pot)Tj
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Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 396.3401 421.3984 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0173 Tc
0 0 Td
(-1)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 404.4472 416.9196 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.013 Tc
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(P)Tj
0.7596 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(1.08)Tj
1.8255 0 Td
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1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 466.8661 421.3984 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0173 Tc
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(-1)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 474.9732 416.9196 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.013 Tc
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(K.)Tj
1.0941 0 Td
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1.7461 0 Td
(lukewarm)Tj
4.1386 0 Td
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2.8177 0 Td
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1.4456 0 Td
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2.9196 0 Td
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(that)Tj
1.7405 0 Td
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4.0591 0 Td
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-34.4292 -1.2983 Td
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4.9039 0 Td
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2.245 0 Td
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(the)Tj
1.4457 0 Td
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1.3549 0 Td
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3.1917 0 Td
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-34.9905 -1.2982 Td
(total)Tj
2.0012 0 Td
(\()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(Table)Tj
2.7836 0 Td
(1)Tj
0 g
(\).)Tj
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(biochar)Tj
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(produced)Tj
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(flame)Tj
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(curtain)Tj
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(4%)Tj
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(biochar\))Tj
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(hot)Tj
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(nutrient)Tj
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(cold)Tj
1.9219 0 Td
(mineral)Tj
3.3335 0 Td
(nutrient)Tj
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(enrichment)Tj
4.8699 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(non-enrichment)Tj
6.8314 0 Td
(\(biochar)Tj
3.5943 0 Td
(separately)Tj
4.1839 0 Td
(added)Tj
-35.0642 -1.2983 Td
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(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(soil\),)Tj
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(leading)Tj
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(a)Tj
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(total)Tj
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(of)Tj
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(12)Tj
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(these)Tj
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(methods.)Tj
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(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(TLUD)Tj
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4.0421 0 Td
(biochar,)Tj
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(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(same)Tj
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(dosages)Tj
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(of)Tj
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(biochar)Tj
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(but)Tj
1.5534 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(biochar)Tj
3.2598 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(not)Tj
-32.9212 -1.3039 Td
(enriched.)Tj
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(the)Tj
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(conical)Tj
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(soil)Tj
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(pit,)Tj
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(steel)Tj
1.9729 0 Td
(shielded)Tj
3.5263 0 Td
(soil)Tj
1.6044 0 Td
(pit)Tj
1.2982 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7347 0 Td
(traditional)Tj
4.4164 0 Td
(kiln)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(production)Tj
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(meth-)Tj
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(ods,)Tj
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(only)Tj
1.9729 0 Td
(one)Tj
1.7007 0 Td
(dosage)Tj
2.9367 0 Td
(\(4%\))Tj
2.1317 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0147 0 Td
(biochar)Tj
3.2599 0 Td
(\(not)Tj
1.9105 0 Td
(enriched\))Tj
4.0762 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(used)Tj
2.0578 0 Td
(\()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(Table)Tj
2.7836 0 Td
(1)Tj
0 g
(\).)Tj
1.2586 0 Td
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1.1112 0 Td
(addition)Tj
3.5943 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(these)Tj
-34.3782 -1.2983 Td
(biochar)Tj
3.2541 0 Td
(additions)Tj
3.9628 0 Td
(\()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(Table)Tj
2.7779 0 Td
(1)Tj
0 g
(\),)Tj
1.2643 0 Td
(two)Tj
1.7064 0 Td
(control)Tj
3.1238 0 Td
(treatments)Tj
4.4957 0 Td
(i.e.)Tj
1.3606 0 Td
(control)Tj
3.1237 0 Td
(\(C1\))Tj
2.0353 0 Td
(without)Tj
3.3335 0 Td
(biochar)Tj
3.2598 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(with-)Tj
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(out)Tj
1.5533 0 Td
(NPK)Tj
2.1884 0 Td
(\(non-fertilized)Tj
6.0377 0 Td
(control,)Tj
3.3505 0 Td
(n)Tj
0.7654 0 Td
(=)Tj
0.7994 0 Td
(4\))Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(control)Tj
3.1181 0 Td
(\(C2\))Tj
2.0408 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(only)Tj
1.9786 0 Td
(mineral)Tj
3.3278 0 Td
(fertilizer)Tj
3.5943 0 Td
(\(fertil-)Tj
-34.1741 -1.2983 Td
(ized)Tj
1.8481 0 Td
(control,)Tj
3.3506 0 Td
(n)Tj
0.7653 0 Td
(=)Tj
0.7994 0 Td
(5\))Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(also)Tj
1.7689 0 Td
(used.)Tj
-10.4938 -1.2982 Td
(Two)Tj
2.0182 0 Td
(maize)Tj
2.5682 0 Td
(seeds)Tj
2.3074 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1146 0 Td
(initially)Tj
3.2428 0 Td
(sown)Tj
2.3131 0 Td
(2)Tj
0.6916 0 Td
(cm)Tj
1.4514 0 Td
(below)Tj
2.5851 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.457 0 Td
(soil)Tj
1.5987 0 Td
(surface)Tj
3.0387 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(each)Tj
2.0239 0 Td
(pot.)Tj
1.7575 0 Td
(Upon)Tj
2.5228 0 Td
(germina-)Tj
-33.9133 -1.2983 Td
(tion)Tj
1.8425 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(emergence)Tj
4.5411 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(two)Tj
1.7064 0 Td
(leaves)Tj
2.5682 0 Td
(\(after)Tj
2.3697 0 Td
(12)Tj
1.1736 0 Td
(days\),)Tj
2.5625 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(smaller)Tj
3.1237 0 Td
(plant,)Tj
2.4888 0 Td
(selected)Tj
3.3505 0 Td
(based)Tj
2.4718 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(visual)Tj
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(observation,)Tj
5.125 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(removed)Tj
3.7473 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.2054 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(pot)Tj
1.542 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(leave)Tj
2.1996 0 Td
(one)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(plant)Tj
2.2619 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.389 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(experimental)Tj
5.4595 0 Td
(duration.)Tj
3.9232 0 Td
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-35.2173 -1.2983 Td
(pot)Tj
1.542 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(watered)Tj
3.3788 0 Td
(daily)Tj
2.1487 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.0012 0 Td
(0.7)Tj
1.3947 0 Td
(L)Tj
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(\(corresponding)Tj
6.4005 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0205 0 Td
(20)Tj
1.1735 0 Td
(mm)Tj
1.8595 0 Td
(rainfall\))Tj
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(water.)Tj
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(arranged)Tj
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(randomized)Tj
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(complete)Tj
3.8778 0 Td
(block)Tj
2.3981 0 Td
(design)Tj
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(\(RCBD\))Tj
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(comprising)Tj
4.7678 0 Td
(five)Tj
1.6554 0 Td
(blocks/replications.)Tj
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(Pots)Tj
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(in)Tj
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(each)Tj
2.0295 0 Td
(block)Tj
2.3981 0 Td
(were)Tj
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(rotated)Tj
3.0841 0 Td
(at)Tj
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(an)Tj
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(8-day)Tj
2.4605 0 Td
(interval)Tj
3.2655 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(ensure)Tj
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(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(homogeneity)Tj
5.4651 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(treatments.)Tj
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3.838 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(carried)Tj
3.0387 0 Td
(out)Tj
1.5534 0 Td
(20)Tj
1.1735 0 Td
(d)Tj
0.7427 0 Td
(\(1)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 328.6488 425.8204 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(st)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 335.7921 421.3984 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(weeding\))Tj
3.9004 0 Td
(and)Tj
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(\(2)Tj
ET
Q
q
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1 J
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7.4999 0 0 6.6659 419.4141 425.8204 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(nd)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
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BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(weeding\))Tj
3.9004 0 Td
(after)Tj
2.0353 0 Td
(sowing.)Tj
ET
Q
q
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1 J
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BT
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1 TL
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0 0 Td
(Biochar,)Tj
3.8456 0 Td
(soil)Tj
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(and)Tj
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(maize)Tj
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(plant)Tj
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(analyses)Tj
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Q
q
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1 J
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10 0 0 10 200.0125 374.57 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
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0 0 Td
(Maize)Tj
2.6475 0 Td
(plants)Tj
2.6249 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1259 0 Td
(harvested)Tj
4.0422 0 Td
(after)Tj
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(50)Tj
1.1678 0 Td
(d)Tj
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(and)Tj
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(were)Tj
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(separated)Tj
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1.8425 0 Td
(above)Tj
2.5455 0 Td
(ground)Tj
3.1692 0 Td
(biomass)Tj
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(\(AGB)Tj
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(which)Tj
2.6475 0 Td
(comprised)Tj
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(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(shoot\))Tj
2.7609 0 Td
(and)Tj
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(below)Tj
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(ground)Tj
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(biomass)Tj
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(\(BGB)Tj
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(which)Tj
2.6532 0 Td
(comprised)Tj
4.4391 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(root\),)Tj
2.4661 0 Td
(just)Tj
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Q
q
0.45 0.36 0.35 0.01 k
1 j
1 J
0 w
35.9997 304.9483 m
575.9997 304.9483 l
575.9997 304.4483 l
35.9997 304.4483 l
f*
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69.5347 291.9484 l
69.0347 291.9484 l
69.0347 304.4483 l
f*
69.0347 291.9484 m
35.9997 291.9484 l
35.9997 292.4484 l
69.0347 292.4484 l
f*
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131.7413 291.9484 l
131.2413 291.9484 l
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f*
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69.5347 291.9484 l
69.5347 292.4484 l
131.2413 292.4484 l
f*
575.9997 291.9484 m
131.7413 291.9484 l
131.7413 292.4484 l
575.9997 292.4484 l
f*
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69.5347 269.9484 l
69.0347 269.9484 l
69.0347 291.9484 l
f*
69.0347 269.9484 m
35.9997 269.9484 l
35.9997 270.4484 l
69.0347 270.4484 l
f*
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131.7413 269.9484 l
131.2413 269.9484 l
131.2413 291.9484 l
f*
131.2413 269.9484 m
69.5347 269.9484 l
69.5347 270.4484 l
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f*
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215.1369 269.9484 l
214.6368 269.9484 l
214.6368 291.9484 l
f*
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131.7413 269.9484 l
131.7413 270.4484 l
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f*
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298.5324 269.9484 l
298.0324 269.9484 l
298.0324 291.9484 l
f*
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f*
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383.2466 269.9484 l
382.7466 269.9484 l
382.7466 291.9484 l
f*
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298.5324 269.9484 l
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f*
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467.9612 269.9484 l
467.4611 269.9484 l
467.4611 291.9484 l
f*
467.4611 269.9484 m
383.2466 269.9484 l
383.2466 270.4484 l
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f*
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522.2305 269.9484 l
521.7304 269.9484 l
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f*
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521.7304 270.4484 l
f*
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522.2305 269.9484 l
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f*
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69.5347 134.9487 l
69.0347 134.9487 l
69.0347 269.9484 l
f*
69.0347 134.9487 m
35.9997 134.9487 l
35.9997 135.4487 l
69.0347 135.4487 l
f*
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131.7413 247.9484 l
131.2413 247.9484 l
131.2413 269.9484 l
f*
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69.5347 247.9484 l
69.5347 248.4485 l
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f*
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215.1369 247.9484 l
214.6368 247.9484 l
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f*
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f*
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298.5324 247.9484 l
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f*
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f*
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f*
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f*
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f*
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f*
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f*
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f*
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f*
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f*
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f*
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131.7413 226.4485 l
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f*
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298.5324 225.9485 l
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f*
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215.1369 226.4485 l
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f*
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f*
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f*
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467.9612 225.9485 l
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f*
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f*
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f*
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f*
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522.2305 225.9485 l
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f*
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131.7413 213.4485 l
131.2413 213.4485 l
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f*
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69.5347 213.4485 l
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f*
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214.6368 213.4485 l
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f*
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f*
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f*
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f*
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f*
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298.5324 213.4485 l
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f*
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467.9612 213.4485 l
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f*
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f*
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522.2305 213.4485 l
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f*
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f*
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3.787 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(hot)Tj
1.5477 0 Td
(nutrient-enriched)Tj
7.3587 0 Td
(biochar)Tj
3.2542 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0205 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1451 0 Td
(added)Tj
2.6533 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9467 0 Td
(1%)Tj
1.4457 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7234 0 Td
(4%)Tj
1.4514 0 Td
(dosages,)Tj
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(respectively)Tj
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2.7779 0 Td
(B)Tj
0.805 0 Td
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0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.0318 0 Td
(S1)Tj
1.1736 0 Td
(File)Tj
0 g
(\).)Tj
2.2507 0 Td
(These)Tj
2.5625 0 Td
(N)Tj
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Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 313.3984 435.4015 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(min)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 327.8551 437.1023 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(contents)Tj
3.6283 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(likely)Tj
2.3584 0 Td
(underestimated)Tj
6.4686 0 Td
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1.0148 0 Td
(only)Tj
1.9786 0 Td
(one)Tj
1.7007 0 Td
(singular)Tj
3.4413 0 Td
(KCl)Tj
-35.4951 -1.3039 Td
(extraction)Tj
4.2576 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(done)Tj
2.228 0 Td
(while)Tj
2.3698 0 Td
(Kammann)Tj
4.4956 0 Td
(et)Tj
0.9411 0 Td
(al)Tj
0.9014 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(29)Tj
0 g
(])Tj
1.8538 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(Haider)Tj
3.0103 0 Td
(et)Tj
0.9411 0 Td
(al)Tj
0.9014 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(39)Tj
0 g
(])Tj
1.8539 0 Td
(have)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(recently)Tj
3.4073 0 Td
(demon-)Tj
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(strated)Tj
2.931 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(serial)Tj
2.3244 0 Td
(KCl)Tj
1.8028 0 Td
(extractions)Tj
4.6147 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(biochar)Tj
3.2598 0 Td
(may)Tj
1.9276 0 Td
(lead)Tj
1.8538 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(significant)Tj
4.388 0 Td
(higher)Tj
2.8006 0 Td
(N)Tj
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Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 504.6236 409.4362 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(min)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 519.0236 411.0803 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(quantities)Tj
-31.9009 -1.2982 Td
(captured)Tj
3.7418 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1848 0 Td
(biochar.)Tj
3.481 0 Td
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2.313 0 Td
(N)Tj
0.9581 0 Td
(contents)Tj
3.6283 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.389 0 Td
(hot)Tj
1.5534 0 Td
(nutrient-enriched)Tj
7.3643 0 Td
(biochar)Tj
3.2599 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(4.3%)Tj
2.1542 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(2.5%,)Tj
-34.8772 -1.3039 Td
(respectively,)Tj
5.108 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.389 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(biochar)Tj
3.2541 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1509 0 Td
(added)Tj
2.6645 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9525 0 Td
(1%)Tj
1.4513 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(4%)Tj
1.4514 0 Td
(dosages.)Tj
3.5262 0 Td
(Based)Tj
2.5455 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(amount)Tj
3.3561 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(nutri-)Tj
-34.8319 -1.2983 Td
(ents)Tj
1.8482 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(enrichment)Tj
4.8756 0 Td
(solution,)Tj
3.7077 0 Td
(it)Tj
0.7823 0 Td
(could)Tj
2.4548 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1509 0 Td
(calculated)Tj
4.2009 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(between)Tj
3.5262 0 Td
(50)Tj
1.1736 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(100%)Tj
2.4037 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(added)Tj
-34.6278 -1.2983 Td
(N)Tj
0.9525 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(retrieved)Tj
3.7814 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(biochar)Tj
3.2598 0 Td
(\(Table)Tj
2.7779 0 Td
(B)Tj
0.7994 0 Td
(in)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.0375 0 Td
(S1)Tj
1.1735 0 Td
(File)Tj
0 g
(\).)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 320.9952 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
(Biochar)Tj
3.5669 0 Td
(effect)Tj
2.6457 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.3181 0 Td
(soil)Tj
1.6961 0 Td
(properties)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 303.9874 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(tested)Tj
2.5512 0 Td
(Rasuwa)Tj
3.2825 0 Td
(soil)Tj
1.6044 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(sandy)Tj
2.5511 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(acidic)Tj
2.5625 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9955 0 Td
(low)Tj
1.6555 0 Td
(pH)Tj
1.508 0 Td
(\(4.5\),)Tj
2.3017 0 Td
(CEC)Tj
2.1146 0 Td
(\(12.3)Tj
2.211 0 Td
(cmolc/kg\))Tj
4.2747 0 Td
(and)Tj
-33.8171 -1.2982 Td
(organic)Tj
3.2371 0 Td
(carbon)Tj
3.0104 0 Td
(\(OC;)Tj
2.194 0 Td
(1.5%\).)Tj
2.7212 0 Td
(Biochar-amended)Tj
7.3814 0 Td
(soils)Tj
1.9672 0 Td
(showed)Tj
3.2485 0 Td
(increased)Tj
4.0025 0 Td
(average)Tj
3.2258 0 Td
(pH)Tj
1.5024 0 Td
(\(4.84)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
2.211 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
0.7937 0 Td
(0.50\))Tj
-35.4952 -1.2983 Td
(compared)Tj
4.2406 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.0012 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(fertilized)Tj
3.7474 0 Td
(control)Tj
3.1181 0 Td
(soil)Tj
1.6044 0 Td
(\(4.30)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
2.211 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
0.788 0 Td
(0.02\))Tj
2.2111 0 Td
(\(Table)Tj
2.7836 0 Td
(C)Tj
0.8844 0 Td
(in)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.0374 0 Td
(S1)Tj
1.1679 0 Td
(File)Tj
0 g
(\).)Tj
2.2507 0 Td
(Average)Tj
3.4752 0 Td
(Al/Ca)Tj
-32.9893 -1.3039 Td
(ratios)Tj
2.4547 0 Td
(after)Tj
2.0353 0 Td
(addition)Tj
3.6 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(1%)Tj
1.4513 0 Td
(biochar)Tj
3.2598 0 Td
(dose)Tj
2.0353 0 Td
(\(0.18)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
2.2167 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
0.788 0 Td
(0.06\))Tj
2.211 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(4%)Tj
1.457 0 Td
(biochar)Tj
3.2542 0 Td
(dose)Tj
2.0409 0 Td
(\(0.03)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
2.211 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
0.788 0 Td
(0.04\))Tj
2.2167 0 Td
(were)Tj
-34.7638 -1.2983 Td
(significantly)Tj
5.0853 0 Td
(lower)Tj
2.4548 0 Td
(\()Tj
/F14 1 Tf
[()]TJ
/F12 1 Tf
0 Tc
1.0374 0 Td
(<)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
-0.004 Tc
0.9922 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
(.)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
[()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
(\))Tj
2.1769 0 Td
(than)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(those)Tj
2.3358 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(non-fertilized)Tj
5.7032 0 Td
(\(0.30)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
2.2111 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
0.788 0 Td
(0.04\))Tj
2.2167 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(fertilized)Tj
3.7474 0 Td
(\(0.36)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
2.211 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
-35.7333 -1.2982 Td
(0.08\))Tj
2.211 0 Td
(control)Tj
3.1237 0 Td
(soils)Tj
1.9616 0 Td
(\()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(Fig)Tj
1.8198 0 Td
(1)Tj
0 g
(\).)Tj
1.2586 0 Td
(Absolute)Tj
3.7757 0 Td
(exchangeable)Tj
5.5445 0 Td
(Al)Tj
1.1452 0 Td
(\(III\))Tj
1.9219 0 Td
(contents)Tj
3.6283 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(unamended)Tj
5.0003 0 Td
(soils)Tj
1.9616 0 Td
(\(0.8)Tj
-35.841 -1.3039 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(1.0)Tj
1.3946 0 Td
(cmol)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 244.1763 224.3338 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(c)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 247.3511 225.9779 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(/kg\))Tj
1.8538 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(within)Tj
2.8119 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(range)Tj
2.4661 0 Td
(where)Tj
2.6476 0 Td
(toxic)Tj
2.1826 0 Td
(Al)Tj
1.1509 0 Td
(effects)Tj
2.7269 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(plant)Tj
2.262 0 Td
(roots)Tj
2.262 0 Td
(can)Tj
1.6271 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1509 0 Td
(expected)Tj
-32.7399 -1.2982 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(6)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(26)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.778 0 Td
(Average)Tj
3.4751 0 Td
(CEC)Tj
2.1146 0 Td
(after)Tj
2.0353 0 Td
(amendment)Tj
5.0627 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.0012 0 Td
(1%)Tj
1.4513 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(4%)Tj
1.4513 0 Td
(biochar)Tj
3.2598 0 Td
(dosages)Tj
3.2995 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(17.1)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
1.8709 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
0.7937 0 Td
(0.1)Tj
1.3946 0 Td
(cmol)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 568.3464 211.3511 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(c)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 571.5212 212.9952 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(/)Tj
-37.1506 -1.2982 Td
(kg)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7235 0 Td
(29.5)Tj
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1.8708 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
0.7881 0 Td
(5.1)Tj
1.3946 0 Td
(cmol)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 289.5307 198.3118 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(c)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 292.7055 200.0125 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(/kg,)Tj
1.7347 0 Td
(respectively,)Tj
5.108 0 Td
(significantly)Tj
5.0854 0 Td
(higher)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
2.8006 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F12 1 Tf
0 Tc
(<)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
-0.004 Tc
1.8652 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
(.)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
[()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
2.1599 0 Td
(than)Tj
2.024 0 Td
(those)Tj
2.3357 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(non-fertil-)Tj
-33.3975 -1.3039 Td
(ized)Tj
1.8482 0 Td
(\(11.2)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
2.2167 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
0.788 0 Td
(0.7)Tj
1.3946 0 Td
(cmolc/kg\))Tj
4.2746 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(fertilized)Tj
3.7474 0 Td
(\(12.1)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
2.211 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
0.788 0 Td
(0.4)Tj
1.3946 0 Td
(cmolc/kg\))Tj
4.2746 0 Td
(control)Tj
3.1181 0 Td
(soils)Tj
1.9616 0 Td
(\()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(Fig)Tj
1.8255 0 Td
(1)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.9184 0 Td
(Table)Tj
2.4435 0 Td
(C)Tj
0.8787 0 Td
(in)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
-35.8126 -1.2982 Td
(S1)Tj
1.1679 0 Td
(File)Tj
0 g
(\).)Tj
2.2507 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7858 0 Td
(increase)Tj
3.4696 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(CEC)Tj
2.1146 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(higher)Tj
2.8006 0 Td
(than)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(expected)Tj
3.7247 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(basis)Tj
2.1486 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(additivity,)Tj
4.2406 0 Td
(which)Tj
2.6532 0 Td
(is)Tj
-34.8828 -1.2983 Td
(probably)Tj
3.7644 0 Td
(caused)Tj
2.914 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1849 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4682 0 Td
(pH)Tj
1.5024 0 Td
(effect)Tj
2.3697 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(biochar,)Tj
3.4809 0 Td
(resulting)Tj
3.7304 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(increase)Tj
3.4752 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(CEC)Tj
2.1146 0 Td
(measured)Tj
4.1103 0 Td
(by)Tj
-34.401 -1.2983 Td
(extraction)Tj
4.2576 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(non-buffered)Tj
5.5331 0 Td
(NH)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 332.9007 146.3244 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(4)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 336.4724 148.0251 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(NO)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 351.2692 146.3244 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(3)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 357.0519 148.0251 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(solution.)Tj
3.7076 0 Td
(Also)Tj
2.0183 0 Td
(soil)Tj
1.5987 0 Td
(organic)Tj
3.2372 0 Td
(carbon)Tj
3.0103 0 Td
(\(SOC\))Tj
2.7893 0 Td
(contents)Tj
3.6283 0 Td
(with)Tj
-35.6935 -1.3039 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(1%)Tj
1.4514 0 Td
(biochar)Tj
3.2598 0 Td
(dose)Tj
2.0353 0 Td
(\(1.9)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
1.7404 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
0.7881 0 Td
(0.1%\))Tj
2.4944 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(4%)Tj
1.457 0 Td
(biochar)Tj
3.2541 0 Td
(dose)Tj
2.041 0 Td
(\(3.3)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
1.7348 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
0.788 0 Td
(0.4%\))Tj
2.4945 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1259 0 Td
(significantly)Tj
-30.3304 -1.2982 Td
(higher)Tj
2.8006 0 Td
(\()Tj
/F14 1 Tf
[()]TJ
/F12 1 Tf
0 Tc
(<)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
-0.004 Tc
[()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
(.)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
[()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
(\))Tj
4.3087 0 Td
(than)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(those)Tj
2.3357 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(control)Tj
3.1237 0 Td
(treatments)Tj
4.4957 0 Td
(\(1.5)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
1.7348 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
0.788 0 Td
(0.1%\))Tj
2.4945 0 Td
(\()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(Fig)Tj
1.8198 0 Td
(1)Tj
0 g
(\).)Tj
1.2642 0 Td
(However,)Tj
4.0762 0 Td
(addition)Tj
3.5943 0 Td
(of)Tj
-35.8806 -1.2983 Td
(biochar)Tj
3.2542 0 Td
(\(70%)Tj
2.2677 0 Td
(C\))Tj
1.2245 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.389 0 Td
(1%)Tj
1.4513 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(4%)Tj
1.4514 0 Td
(biochar)Tj
3.2597 0 Td
(dosages)Tj
3.2995 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(soil)Tj
1.5988 0 Td
(containing)Tj
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